HyperLib 1997 Winter

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Common Ground | 1996-05-28 | 179KB | 3,080 lines

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Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Contents Introduction )F ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .................. Z Licensing )4 ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ........................ ~"Registering Your Copy of PowerLisp ................................ ........................... How To Reach Us )a ................................ )` ................................ ............................. Quick Start Tutorial )m ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ..... Files in this Release )j ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ...... Compiling the Libraries ................................ )` ................................ .................. Interactive Environment ................................ )` ................................ ............................. Preferences )@ ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ........ PowerEdit Text Editor )y ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ~!PowerLisp 2.0 Editor Enhancements ................................ ............................. PowerLisp Compiler )p ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ 68k Compiler )I ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ..... PowerPC Compiler )j ................................ )` ................................ .......................... PowerLisp Assembler )v ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ PowerLisp Disassembler ................................ )` ................................ ............................. Linking and Debugging ................................ )` ................................ .............................. Memory Usage )R ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .............. Operating System Issues ................................ )` ................................ ............................. Common Lisp Implementation ................................ )` ................................ .................. Data Types )= ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ )` ......... Scope and Extent )^ ................................ )` ................................ .............................. Type Specifiers )R ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ Program Structure )d ................................ )` ................................ ............................ Predicates ): ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .......... Control Structure )^ ................................ )` ................................ .............................. Declarations )F ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ...... Symbols ). ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .............. Packages )4 ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ............ Numbers )4 ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ............ Characters ): ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .......... ~ Sequences ): ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .......... Lists ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .................... Hash Tables )C ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ....... Arrays )( ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ................ Strings )( ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ................ Structures )7 ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ........... The Evaluator )L ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ Streams )+ ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ............... Input/Output )O ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ File System Interface )p ................................ )` ................................ ........................ Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Errors )" ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .................. Miscellaneous Features ................................ )` ................................ ................... ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ................... Pretty Printing )R ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ )" ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .................. Conditions )= ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ )` ......... Series )" ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .................. Non-standard Extensions ................................ )` ................................ ............................ New Features )L ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ................ New Features in PowerLisp 2.0 ................................ )` ................................ ..... New Features in PowerLisp 1.2 ................................ )` ................................ ..... Troubleshooting )[ ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ ........... PowerLisp Startup Process ................................ )` ................................ ............. ~$What To Do If PowerLisp Will Not Run ................................ ....................... Notes )" ................................ )` ................................ )` ................................ .............................. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Introduction *:TThis document is intended to provide an introduction to PowerLisp 2.0, a Common Lisp [development environment for the Macintosh. PowerLisp consists of a Common Lisp interpreter, Vnative-code 680x0 and PowerPC compilers, 680x0 and PowerPC macro assemblers, 680x0 and UPowerPC disassemblers, incremental linker and multi-window text editor. It requires a ZMacintosh with at least a 68020 processor and system 7.0 or later, or a Power Mac. About 3 Ymegabytes of RAM are required to run it, and to do much with it you need more like 5 or 6 Cmegabytes. Like any Common Lisp system, the more memory the better. ZPowerLisp has the ability to run in the background. While executing a Common Lisp program, Bthe user may switch to another application as it continues to run. _PowerLisp 2.0 is a fat binary application, and will automatically run in native mode on a Power _Mac, as well as continuing to run on 68k Macintoshes. PowerLisp 2.0 includes compiled libraries Tfor both 68k Mac and Power Mac, and a PowerPC native code compiler and assembler are included. WNew to PowerLisp 2.0 includes CLOS support, the Common Lisp object-oriented programming Ysystem. A number of other improvements and bug fixes have been included in PowerLisp 2.0. 6&fbb0 s,79. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide PowerLisp is extremely fast. = All compiled PowerLisp functions execute as native 680x0 or ZPPowerPC instructions. The speed is comparable to other fully compiled languages. NPowerLisp programs execute in the background, while you are using the system. All editor Z[functionality is fully available while you are compiling or otherwise executing Common Lisp ]programs. I do not know of another development environment on the Macintosh that can do this. SOf course, you can also use of a different application while your programs execute. ]PowerLisp 2.0 is being released as shareware. I expect to release regular updates, which will ^include new features and bug fixes. The frequency and scope of these will depend on the amount bof interest there is in the product. I encourage everyone who finds this product useful to send me dthe shareware fee (see Licensing, below) and register your copy. Even if you don't elect to register ]it, I appreciate correspondence via e-mail or otherwise letting me know what you think of it. [Thanks to Digital Press and Guy Steele Jr., Common Lisp documentation is now available from Zwithin PowerLisp. A hierarchical menu structure allows browsing of the full text of Common cLisp, the Language 2nd Edition. This text is distributed electronically along with PowerLisp. It is 8also hooked into the Common Lisp documentation function. aPlease check this product out. I believe it offers extraordinary value for the price. The primary Valternative for Lisp programming, Macintosh Common Lisp from Digitool, is an excellent [product. PowerLisp cannot compete on features or performance with Macintosh Common Lisp. It eis, however, one tenth the cost ($50 as opposed to $395). I feel there may be a niche for a low-cost, ^small, easy-to-use product like this. Also, at least for the time being, PowerLisp is the only [PowerPC native common lisp that I know of. If you are using a Power Mac, and you like Lisp, +you will want to take PowerLisp for a spin! <I enjoy programming with PowerLisp, and I hope you will too. Roger Corman Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Z Licensing *:¥PowerLisp is distributed as shareware. The author of PowerLisp reserves the copyright to the Yexecutable application, as well as the source code to the compiler, assembler and library ^functions. A payment of $50 gives you the right to use one copy of PowerLisp. If you find this Pprogram useful, please send a check for this amount to the address below (under Registering Your Copy of PowerLisp )pJ). If you are a teacher, and are interested in using this for a class, the Z^standard license fee is $50.00 + $10.00 per student using PowerLisp. The $50.00 fee covers one bpermanent license, while the $10.00 fees are good for the duration of the class only. Students who Zwish to continue using PowerLisp may choose to register permanently at the student rate of b$30.00. Unlicensed copies of this system cannot be legitimately used in a class setting otherwise. ¥We have spent a considerable amount of time developing this program. We may elect to spend a Dlot more time on it, but only if licensing fees received warrant it. ¥You may share this program with others. You may not redistribute it for profit, nor make any 4changes to it, without the permission of the author. Note: XAll registered users of PowerLisp 1.01, 1.1 or 1.2 automatically are registered users of ZZPowerLisp 2.0. Contact us via e-mail or telephone (see Registering your copy of PowerLisp, ¥below) to obtain your product registration code if you have registered and have not received your code by mail. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide PowerLisp 2.0 License Price: $50.00 US Student Price: $30.00 US What You Get: )$TOn receipt of your check, we will forward you any the most up-to-date information we Qhave regarding bugs, new versions and features. We will keep you informed of new Wversions and features as they become available. If possible, send an e-mail address, so Tyou can be added to the soon-to-be setup PowerLisp mailing list. We will also supply Wyou with a Product Registration Code which you may use to register your installed copy. 2This will disable the startup registration dialog. )$ZIf you send a list of requested additional features, we will do our best to implement them as soon as possible. )$TWe will attempt to help with any problems you have and answer questions. We can only Voffer limited phone support. The preferred method of contacting us is via e-mail or US Amail. We will answer all mail communications as soon as possible. )$VIf and when we decide to convert this to a commercial version (non-shareware) licensed Towners of the shareware version will be guaranteed a special arrangement. This would Flikely be a free or at-cost license upgrade to the commercial version. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Z"Registering Your Copy of PowerLisp Send a check for $50.00 US (or if you are a student) to: Roger Corman 2124 Cummings Drive Santa Rosa, CA 95404 ^You may contact us by mail to the above address, or via e-mail or telephone (see below). Along ^with the fee, be sure to send your address (and phone number if you don t mind). Also we would Zappreciate a mention of which version you have, what your system is like, and any comments ^you have. A wish list of product improvements would also be welcome. Also, if possible, please Tsend an e-mail address where you would like PowerLisp update information to be sent. How To Reach Us The PowerLisp web site is at: Monaco http://www.crl.com/~rgcorman ZWThis site will contain the most up-to-date release of PowerLisp and the most up-to-date information. America Online: owerLisp Internet E-mail: PowerLisp@aol.com rgcorman@crl.com Telephone: (707) 575-4024 (voice) (707)528-7477 (fax) Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Quick Start Tutorial *=UThis section is intended to briefly lead you through writing, running, compiling, and 9disassembling a small Common Lisp program with PowerLisp. )$8Start PowerLisp by double-clicking the application icon. UIt will take a few seconds as it loads the standard libraries. When it finishes, your Rworksheet will be displayed, with the blinking text cursor. The message Ready for Winput should appear in the status message area at the top of the worksheet. You should Tregularly watch the status bar while programming within the Worksheet. It will often <display messages regarding the status of the Lisp evaluator. Enter a PowerLisp expression. Try typing: Monaco (list-all-packages) RThis command invokes the common lisp function which returns the packages loaded in %the system. To execute it, press the Enter key (not the Return key). In PowerLisp, the Return ) S key is only used for editing to enter a new line into the text in the window. Only Enter P key executes anything. In this case, the entire line of text that the cursor is ~;positioned on is read by the PowerLisp system and executed. Note that you may use Return )"*(hold down the Command key while pressing Return ~Gto simulate the Enter key if you prefer. Some keyboards do not have an Enter key, and so may require this method. After pressing Enter @ , the PowerLisp interpreter will output a list representing the ~Xpackages loaded in the system. All PowerLisp output is in bold-faced text. What you type is in normal text. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide )$*Create and execute a common lisp function. Try typing: Monaco (defun print-column (x) ,"Prints the elements of a list in a column." (dolist (i x) (print i))) ~$While typing this function, use the Return key to end each line. ~YAfter the whole function has been entered, highlight the entire expression by clicking to Xthe left of the opening parenthesis and dragging to the right of the ending parenthesis. AAfter the whole expression is highlighted (all four lines) press Enter . The Lisp system ~Qwill read and execute the expression, and then return and display the name of the defined function print-column. QAlternatively, since you are editing in Lisp mode, you may leave your text cursor [positioned immediately following the last close parenthesis if the function definition. You Nshould notice that the entire function definition is outlined. When you press Enter , the ~Eoutlined expression is first automatically highlighted then executed. Execute the function. Type: ,(print-column '(see hear taste smell touch)) print-column )T@ function you defined will cause the list elements to be printed ~Svertically in the worksheet (one element on each line). It is being executed by the interpreter. Get function documentation. Type: '(documentation 'print-column 'function) HThe system will display documentation that you defined for the function. Compile the function. Type: (compile 'print-column) ¥If this is the first time you have requested the compiler, it may take a few seconds to load Sthe compiler and assembler. After loading the compiler, the system will compile the function. SIf the function compiles correctly, the system will print the name of the function. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide )$8Execute the compiled function by repeating step 4 above. ¥It is not necessary to retype this line just go to the previous line, highlight it and press Enter : . In PowerLisp, you should never have to retype anything! ~'The system should respond as in step 4. Disassemble the function. $Type and execute the following line: Monaco (disassemble 'print-column) VThe system will display a dump of the machine instructions which comprise the function print-column )T>. You may or may not be interested in this. Compiled PowerLisp ~Yfunctions always include code to check for the correct number of arguments (in this case, one). Time the function. GYou can invoke PowerLisp s high-resolution timer by executing the line: 3(time (print-column '(see hear taste smell touch))) XThe function will be executed as before, and will be followed by a message regarding the Uamount of time elapsed during execution. You may compare this against the interpreted Xversion by re-executing the function definition from step 3 and executing the line above Gagain. You will see that as an interpreted function it executes slower. )$#Save the function you have defined. Select the command from the menu. Name the new file print column.lisp Select PowerLisp Worksheet from the Window )') menu to return to the worksheet (or just ~Vclick on its window). Select the function definition (from step 3) by highlighting the whole thing. Execute the command via the menu or pressing Select the file print-column.lisp from the Window menu or by clicking on its window. Execute the Paste command via the menu or pressing ~3The function definition should be displayed in the print-column.lisp window. Select from the menu to save the file. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Important Notes )$WYou may have any number of files open. As editor memory gets filled up, temporary files Zmay be created to store copies of the files you are editing. This helps prevent the number Vof files you have open from affecting the amount of memory available to Lisp programs. )$#There is no difference between the Monaco PowerLisp Worksheet and any other file. ~WEvery open file may act as a worksheet. Lisp output will, however, be inserted into any "file which you use as a worksheet. VNew to PowerLisp 2.0: The above statement is no longer completely correct. By default, Rall Lisp output will now go to the Worksheet regardless of the window in which you Vexecuted the command. If you prefer the old behavior, you may enable it by turning off Output Always Goes To Worksheet " option in the Preferences dialog. )$VIf you are not using Lisp mode editing, you may enter common lisp expressions either a line at a time, pressing Enter : after each line, or by entering a complete expression and ~Wthen executing the entire thing at once. The latter is highly recommended. In the first Ycase, if you have not entered a complete Lisp expression (perhaps not closed a list), you Wwill see a prompt containing the number of open left parentheses in the message area at the top of the editor window. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Files in this Release The application is called Monaco PowerLisp 2.0 ( Double click on it to launch PowerLisp. Z5The documentation is in a Microsoft Word format file PowerLisp 2.0 Documentation Z0A folder in the PowerLisp main folder is called Library )1&. It contains libraries that PowerLisp ZCneeds while running. These include the following lisp source files: cl.lisp ,Portions of the PowerLisp standard library . assembler_68k.lisp The PowerLisp 680x0 assembler . compiler_68k.lisp The PowerLisp 680x0 compiler. assembler_PPC.lisp The PowerLisp PowerPC assembler. compiler_PPC.lisp The PowerLisp PowerPC compiler. Z loop.lisp ,The Common Lisp Loop facility (MIT version). backquote.lisp 6Optimized backquote facility (from CLTL2, Guy Steele). defpackage.lisp $The defpackage macro implementation. describe.lisp A partial implementation of the describe function. format.lisp Format function implementation. graphics.lisp 2Some basic graphics routines (PowerLisp specific). structures.lisp Defstruct macro implementation. documentation.lisp Documentation function implementation. Z clos.lisp Clos library (Closette implementation). random.lisp Random implementation (CMU). startup.lisp ARun at startup, causes above libraries to load. This can never be Acompiled. You may add startup code to the end of this file if you wish. Z_Additionally, compiled versions of these may exist along with these source files. They have the same name, with a .fasl extension (68k binaries) or . (PowerPC binaries). Examples Hfolder contains some PowerLisp source files you may want to refer to for Z*examples of PowerLisp functions. The file eliza.lisp )F is a rough version of the Eliza Z[program from Peter Norvig s book. The examples are admittedly sparse. I intend to have some Ygood example programs in future versions. If you have written an interesting program with _PowerLisp, and you wouldn t mind having it distributed with the releases, please send it to me. The file closette-tests.lisp )r= contains code from Art of the Metaobject Protocol, by Gregor ZYKiczales, Jim des Rivieres and Daniel G. Bobrow. It contains many examples of using CLOS. PowerLisp Worksheet ;file is the file that normally gets loaded as the worksheet Z]when you launch PowerLisp. If you remove or delete this file, a new one will automatically be #created when you restart PowerLisp. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Compiling the Libraries YAlthough compiled versions of the PowerLisp libraries should have been included with your 0release, you may want to recreate them yourself. A files Monaco compile-68k-libraries.lisp and compile-PPC-libraries.lisp are included in the Library )1F folder with this release. Execute the appropriate file to compile the Z`libraries. Give yourself as much memory as possible and be prepared to wait a while. If you like ayou can switch to another application and let the libraries compile in the background. Of course, Nyou can recompile just a single library if you wish, by using the Common Lisp compile-file Z function. [PowerLisp 2.0 does not support cross-compilation i.e. you cannot compile 68k libraries on a .Power Mac or PPC libraries on a 68k Macintosh. CIf compilation is successful, new versions of the libraries with a .fasl )* (68k) or .ppcl (PPC) Z"extensions should show up in your Library sub-folder. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Interactive Environment *:^PowerLisp is integrated with the PowerEdit text editor. The environment provides a worksheet Wapproach to Common Lisp development. It is specifically modeled on the MPW environment, Dand also resembled the approach used by the Mathematica application. VRather than having a window which emulates a console (e.g. the Listener in Macintosh SCommon Lisp), the worksheet approach does not emulate a console. Any number of text Wwindows may be open, and any Common Lisp code in any open window may be executed at any `time. The user typically enters a Common Lisp function or expression, highlights the expression, then presses the Enter key. Note that the Enter key is distinct from the Return key on the Macintosh keyboard. The Return ) B key is used in the editor to insert a new line. It will not cause Z+the PowerLisp system to interpret any text. You may use Return )")(hold down the Command key while pressing Return) )%Cto simulate the Enter key if you prefer. Some keyboards do not have Enter % key, and so may require this method. ZfFor convenience, if no text is highlighted, the entire line of text that the text cursor is on will be interpreted whenever the Enter D key is pressed. This allows for a usage model which is similar to a Z!console (i.e. type a line, press Enter , type another line, press Enter !). Like most Lisp consoles, until Zba Lisp expression is completely entered, no evaluation takes place and no output is produced. If a XLisp expression is only partially completed, the message area will display the message Monaco Ready Z for input followed by the number of open left parentheses. This indicates that you are in Z&the middle of executing an expression. Pressing Enter R after each line (partial expression input) should not be used when you are in the Z editor , because )* Lisp mode )0; will sometimes cause more than just the current line to be Z executed. ]After an entire Common Lisp expression is read, it is interpreted, and the resulting value is Moutput at the line immediately following the line that the text cursor is on. New to PowerLisp 2.0: )hIThe above statement is no longer completely correct. By default, all Lisp ZVoutput will now go to the Worksheet regardless of the window in which you executed the Ncommand. If you prefer the old behavior, you may enable it by turning off the Output Always Goes To Worksheet )Z" option in the Preferences dialog. ZWSince Common Lisp code can be entered from anywhere in any window, a prompt is not very _useful. Output prompts also tend to get in the way of entering the next expression, as they can `inadvertently get sent back as part of the next expression. Therefore, by default, PowerLisp has no prompt. WThe worksheet approach allows you to very easily edit, execute, re-edit, and re-execute `expressions without unnecessary typing. I think you will come to appreciate it as much as I do. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Z&The front-most edit window contains a status line )/.. This area, under the popup menus, is used by Z7the system to display messages about what it is doing. Unless the status line reads Monaco Ready Z for input , you should not attempt to execute a Common Lisp expression. ZUWhen a Common Lisp expression is being executed, you may execute editor commands, and _otherwise edit files. You may also switch to another application. In this case, the Common Lisp bprocessing will continue in the background. This is useful, for example, during a long compile. If Yyou attempt to edit a file (with PowerEdit, the PowerLisp editor), any text output by the ]Common Lisp program will be directed to what was the current text insertion point at the time cthe Enter key was pressed (to begin the execution). I think this is generally what you want. If you ]are editing the same file in which the expression was executed, however, the PowerLisp output ewill reset the insertion point whenever it outputs text. If you are going to edit files, you probably Mshould avoid editing the same file you are using to execute Common Lisp code. Preferences YThe amount of time PowerLisp spends executing Common Lisp programs vs. the amount of time ¥given up to background and editing tasks is now controllable from the Preferences dialog. By Zselecting Most Cooperative, background tasks will run the smoothest, but Lisp programs may ]run slower. On older Macs, or Macs with a lot of extensions, performance of Lisp programs may ¥be unacceptable. Least cooperative will give the least time to background and editing tasks, _allowing Lisp programs to run the fastest. Background tasks will only get called once a second, Ywhich may not be acceptable. The default setting is in the middle between these extremes. ^By default, all Lisp output will now go to the Worksheet regardless of the window in which you Zexecuted the command. If you prefer the old behavior, you may enable it by turning off the Output Always Goes To Worksheet " option in the Preferences dialog. Z_Preferences setting must be explicitly saved, via the Save button on the Preferences dialog, or Mthey will revert back to their original settings next time you run PowerLisp. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide PowerEdit Text Editor *:cThe PowerEdit text editor does not use TextEdit (the built in text editor in the Macintosh ROM). It therefore is [ restricted to text files of 32 kilobytes or less. In fact, it can easily handle text files ZVover a megabyte in size. PowerEdit does not need to keep the whole file in memory (any &unmodified portions are left on disk). _PowerEdit, unlike TextEdit, correctly handles tabs. Tabs can be set to 1, 4 or 8 spaces for the Xdocument. Other tab settings can be added by using ResEdit to modify the Tabs popup menu eresource. Each text window gets its own tab setting. Tabs get saved in the resource fork of the file, Sso that when the file is reopened the editor will remember the most recent setting. _The PowerEdit functions should be self-explanatory. Features include Undo, Find, Replace, Copy, `Cut, Paste, Select All, and Print. The Print feature is currently pretty rough. It doesn t print ;anything except the text of the file (no fancy formatting). aThe Window menu maintains a list of all open text files. You can use it to navigate between files "when you have a lot of files open. Scrolling YPowerEdit uses an improved (slightly different) way of scrolling than most Macintosh text ceditors. While you drag the scrollbar thumb, the file scrolls. Normally, in other editors, the text `window does not scroll until after you release the thumb. I worked hard to get this scrolling to awork this way, and am very pleased with the result. The only downside I can see is that it may be ca bit sluggish on slower Macs. I plan to have an option to revert to normal scrollbar behavior in a future version. Font and Size Pulldowns VEach text window may have a different font and character size associated with it. This ainformation is not currently saved with the file. The editor uses fractional widths internally to Zsupport non-monospaced font editing. Typically monospaced fonts work best for programming, however. The default font is Monaco Monaco, 9 pt )H2. The font and font size selected are remembered Z1by information in the resource fork of the file. Document Preferences A resource of type C is added to the resource fork of any text file which is created or Z¥viewed by PowerEdit. It contains the user settings for the window position and size, the tab `setting, and the font and font size. It is compatible with the method that MPW uses to save this Minformation, so that it is convenient to alternate between PowerEdit and MPW. *, Common Lisp Support in PowerEdit Palatino PowerLisp User Guide ZRPowerEdit includes some features which make it particularly useful for Common Lisp _programming. For one thing, all PowerLisp interpreter output (which is sent to standard output) cis printed in a bold version of the font you have selected. This serves to distinguish between your _input and the interpreter s output. The editor stores and remembers text style information. The _PowerLisp system ignores this information, however. All text, bold or otherwise, looks the same to the interpreter. aAn additional Lisp support feature involves the highlighting of parenthesized expressions. If the dwindow is in Lisp Mode, and the text cursor is next to a parenthesized expression (a left or a right dparenthesis which is balanced) the entire expression is highlighted by an outline. This is difficult ^to explain but relatively easy to demonstrate. Just turn on Lisp Mode from the popup menu, and Benter a Common Lisp expression with several levels of parentheses. GLisp Mode is automatically turned on by the editor for any file with a Monaco .lisp extension on the ZLfilename. You can explicitly turn it on or off any time from the popup menu. _In Lisp Mode, when a parenthesized Lisp expression is outlined, pressing Enter will execute the centire expression, rather than just the current line. To make it obvious, the whole expression gets ;highlighted for a fraction of a second before executing it. fWhen the cursor is placed next to a lisp expression (highlighting it), double clicking will select the Qentire expression, which is very useful for cutting and pasting lisp expressions. Line Wrap Mode Line Wrap )0U mode works much better in 2.0 than it did in any previous version but still has some Z`bugs that show up when editing text. It is also rather slow on certain machines. You may turn on dthis mode, via a checkbox to the left of the status line. I find it occasionally useful to turn this mode on when )E browsing ).>unformatted Lisp output (which may otherwise produce vary long lines). Line Wrap mode is now compatible with Lisp mode )0! (unlike with previous versions). Formatting aWhen you save a file which has bold or italicized text in it, the text attributes get stored in a fresource of the file. This causes the bold text to be bold when you later load the file (it saves this /attribute). You may use the edit menu commands Italics and Plain to control the text Z¥attributes of text in a file. These attributes are entirely ignored by the Lisp interpreter. *! Lisp Mode `In the Lisp mode of the editor, when a parenthesized Lisp expression is outlined, pressing Enter dwill execute the entire expression, rather than just the current line. To make it obvious, the whole Kexpression gets highlighted for a fraction of a second before executing it. fWhen the cursor is placed next to a lisp expression (highlighting it), double clicking will select the Qentire expression, which is very useful for cutting and pasting lisp expressions. *=!PowerLisp 2.0 Editor Enhancements )$VLisp output goes to the Worksheet by default, regardless of which window you execute a lisp expression from. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide )$RThe amount of memory allocated to the editor was increased in PowerLisp 2.0, which ,makes editing large files a little smoother. )$VA bug that showed up on the display when dragging to off the right or left side of the 0window (invoking auto-scrolling) has been fixed. )$USeveral bugs relating to using Lisp mode and line wrap mode together have been fixed. [A few screen anomalies (such as vertical bars) will still show up occasionally in line wrap mode, however. ZWLisp mode has been improved. As several of you noted, it seems logical that when a Lisp aexpression is outlined, pressing Enter should execute the entire expression, rather than just the `current line. I have implemented this. To make it obvious, the whole expression gets highlighted /for a fraction of a second before executing it. WAnother problem several people had was getting buried in open parentheses. When you are `entering expressions, and have not closed enough levels of parentheses, the system seems frozen. ]To make it clearer, the editor now shows the number of open parentheses in the message bar. I think this helps. aWhen you save a file which has bold or italicized text in it, the text attributes get stored in a fresource of the file. This causes the bold text to be bold when you later load the file (it saves this /attribute). You may use the edit menu commands Italics and Plain to control the text Z¥attributes of text in a file. These attributes are entirely ignored by the Lisp interpreter. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide PowerLisp Compiler 68k Compiler aThe PowerLisp 68k compiler is a full 680x0 native code compiler. This means that a function, once ]compiled, executes as direct machine instructions. This allows the compiled lisp functions to ¥execute very fast. It is distinct from the intermediate code that some Lisp systems produce. ;The compiler can be invoked on a single function, with the Monaco compile function, or on a source file with the compile-file )TA function. The first time you call either of these functions, the ZYcompiler and assembler modules are loaded into memory. This can take from 5 to 20 seconds adepending on your system. After loading, compiling is quick. A function typically takes less than one second to compile. When the compile-file )TG function is used, a binary file of machine code is produced. This file is of type )*! and typically has the extension .fasl # Binary files are typically about 3 Zbtimes as large as the source files they originate from, but that is only because of the relatively dinefficient way that all the symbol information is stored in the binary file. PowerLisp 1.1 compiled afiles are about 40% smaller than 1.01 compiled files (and still compatible with 1.01 files). They `need to store a lot of symbol information so that all the addresses can automatically be updated bcorrectly when the file is loaded in another system or at a later date. Once loaded, compiled code ¥is relatively space efficient. When compiled code segments are no longer needed, the garbage &collector will correctly discard them. _The entire compiler is written in Common Lisp. A couple of support functions had to be added in eC++ because there is no support for packed arrays of short integers, but all the significant stuff is in the file compiler.lisp )[C which is included in this release. The compiler directly generates Z_68000 assembler code, which it then passes off to the assembler to create the function. I could Ximprove the compiler performance somewhat by assembling as it goes, but I have found the 4intermediate step useful for debugging the compiler. aThe compiler generates code which generally behaves exactly like interpreted code, only faster. I Utypically see a 5 to 30 times speed improvement when I compile something. In terms of ¥debugging, there are some differences between interpreted and compiled code. In at least one `case, compiled code is more correct than interpreted (in the case of returning multiple values). ;Some special forms are not yet implemented in the compiler. PowerPC Compiler TWhen running native, PowerLisp automatically loads and executes the PowerPC compiler ompiler_ppc.lisp compiler.ppcl )[,) in response to a compilation request. This ZQcompiler generates PowerPC machine code which conforms to Apple's PowerPC runtime ^architecture specification. When PowerLisp is running native on a Power Mac, 68k compiled lisp dfiles (.fasl) cannot be used. Although theoretically possible to do so, by invoking the 68k emulator Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Z¥via the mixed mode manager, the time spent in mode switching would probably be prohibitively expensive. 0Compiled PowerPC code is stored in files with a Monaco .ppcl )#% extension. By running PowerLisp on a ZWPower Mac, and compiling your lisp code to native Power Mac code, you will get the best $performance possible from PowerLisp. PowerLisp 2.0 Modifications The special forms labels )1"are now supported by the compiler. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide PowerLisp Assembler *:_The assembler was designed primarily to service the compiler. It is, however, useful in its own dright. It could be used as a vehicle for accessing toolbox calls and other system services which are ]not otherwise provided. Little support for this is included, however, in the current release. [Not all 68000 instructions are implemented, although the most common ones are. The complete Csource to the assembler is included with this release, in the file Monaco assembler_68k.lisp . The Z]assembler is written in Common Lisp, and all assembler instructions are implemented as macros Yin the assembler package. These macros automatically expand into the machine code for the Yinstruction when expanded by the assembler in the appropriate context. This simple design ]allows the easy addition of assembler macros. Many sample macros can be seen in the assembler [source. 68000 instructions which are not implemented could be added by anyone who wanted to Stake the time. I plan to expand the assembler and add a foreign function interface. PowerPC TNot all PowerPC instructions are implemented, although the most common ones are. The Kcomplete source to the assembler is included with this release, in the file assembler_ppc.lisp )~@. The above comments (regarding the 68k assembler) apply to the PowerPC assembler as well. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide PowerLisp Disassembler Monaco disassemble )MG function can be used to disassemble a compiled function to examine its Z]machine code. It will disassemble functions which have been compiled by the Lisp compiler, as bwell as built-in functions which have been compiled by the C++ compiler. It isn t fancy, but it is ]pretty useful. For compiled Common Lisp functions, the disassembler is good at displaying the &names of called functions (targets of 1 instructions). Compiled C++ functions often call Z¥functions which the disassembler does not know about, so you may get some incorrect function Nnames. Normally you will only be disassembling compiled Common Lisp functions. YThe PowerLisp 2.0 disassembler will disassemble PowerPC code when running on a Power Mac, ,or 68k code when running on a 68k Macintosh. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Linking and Debugging *:ZPowerLisp features an incremental linker which immediately link in functions when they are Zcompiled or loaded. Whenever a function is replaced by a new function, whether compiled or binterpreted, all compiled branches to that function are correctly routed to the new function. This ais done via a distributed jump table which is managed by the linker. Interpreted functions have a ¥jump table entry which will cause a branch into the interpreter whenever a compiled function ^tries to call them. The interpreter can then, based on call stack information, determine which dfunction was intended, and then evaluate it. If that function is later compiled, a direct jump to it replaces the interpreter branch. _Debugging facilities are rudimentary. Some non-standard functions are included which will trace bthe evaluation call stack or the compiled function call stack. Unfortunately there is not a single *integrated function which will trace both. ]While a Common Lisp program is executing, the call stack may in fact have an interpreted lisp `function, which calls a compiled lisp function, which calls a compiled C++ function, which calls aan interpreted Lisp function, ad nauseam. This situation is quite common, in fact. Debugging is a Zlittle easier if all the functions you are debugging are compiled, or all are interpreted. [Trace and untrace functions are useful for interpreted code. They are not of much value for 0compiled code. I use the non-standard functions Monaco address and exec-address a lot to get Z.addresses which I can then examine in MacsBug. A function called error-stack )M; is included to help with debugging. If your program aborts Z7with an error message, you may immediately invoke this: (error-stack) `This will print a processor dump of the top ten stack frames when the error occurred. This works ^better for compiled-code than for interpreted code, because all the functions on the processor estack will be interpreter functions in interpreted mode (as opposed to your functions). It still will "print useful information, however. 7To see the interpreter stack, you may use the function dump-lisp-stack . This must be ZZinvoked prior to an error occurring, however. Typically you can put it into the code of an ?interpreted function. When that function executes, the call to dump-lisp-stack will cause Zbthe top interpreter stack frames to get displayed, along with the associated lexical environments. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Memory Usage *:aLike most Lisp systems, PowerLisp likes to have quite a bit of memory. Garbage collection will be Yinvoked frequently if you are short on memory, and that will cause performance to suffer. YAt startup, PowerLisp sets aside enough memory to hold the application s code segments in Xmemory, as well as some memory for operating system overhead such as windows, resources, `etc. Approximately 300k bytes of RAM are set aside for the editor to hold text. About 25% of the Wremaining memory is given to the stack. This allows a large amount of recursion without [overflowing the stack. The rest is allocated as a large non-relocatable block which is then (managed by the PowerLisp memory manager. ZThe PowerLisp memory manager allocates about 50% of the heap to Lisp nodes. These are each ^10 bytes in size (12 bytes on Power Macs), and consist of two pointers and flag and type bits. bThey are used to store cons cells, integers, floating point numbers, ratios, and characters. Other ¥Lisp data types require larger blocks. All larger items and variable sized memory blocks are ]allocated by the other 50% of the heap. This strategy has proven to provide good performance. ^Fixed size cons nodes can be allocated very quickly. The garbage collector only keeps track of <these nodes, or objects which are referenced by these nodes. In a typical scenario: Monaco PowerLisp partition size: 4096K bytes (4 megabytes) System use: 600K Editor heap: 300K Stack: 800K Nodes: 1200K (around 125,000 nodes) Variable sized heap objects: 1200K (used by Lisp system) ZYVariable sized heap objects include compiled Lisp code, vectors, arrays, text editor data %structures, packages and hash tables. Memory Requirements WPowerLisp 2.0 requires at least a 4 megabyte partition. However, 5 megabytes is a more Xreasonable minimum. If you want to use the compiler, you will need at least a 5 megabyte bpartition. A larger partition is recommended, or else you will wait on the garbage collector a lot Bwhile compiling. 6 megabytes is a good size for moderate projects. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Operating System Issues *:WPowerLisp runs only with Macintosh operating systems 7.0 or later. PowerLisp multitasks ^cooperatively with other applications, so that programs can continue running in the background Ywhile PowerLisp programs are executing. PowerLisp programs can also run in the background )while you are running other applications. `PowerLisp supports the standard four Apple Events: Launch, Open, Print and Quit. It is therefore ¥high-level event aware. It is 32-bit clean, and makes use of as much memory as you choose to give it. .PowerLisp is fully compatible with system 7.5. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Common Lisp Implementation *:[The Common Lisp implementation in this release of PowerLisp is lacking in a number of ways, ^which I will detail below. As you probably are aware, Common Lisp consists of a huge number of _functions and data types. Rather than wait a couple more years to release this, I have tried to binclude the most useful features of the language. As a very rough estimate, I believe this release Wimplements about 95% of Common Lisp as specified in the first edition of Guy Steele Common Lisp: The Language 2nd edition. Z`I would like to build a reference of what is included, because it would include a huge number of _functions and features. Because of time constraints, however, I will have to base this document more on what is missing from Common Lisp: The Language ". While a number of things are not Z8currently implemented, it is still a very useful system. ¥The following section of this document covers the PowerLisp language implementation, roughly 7in the order in which they are covered in Guy Steele Common Lisp: The Language , Second Edition. /In this document, I will refer to Guy Steele Common Lisp: The Language , the first edition, as CLTL1. )$;The second edition of the reference will be referred to as CLTL2 Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Data Types Characters Symbols Lists Functions Text strings Packages Hash tables Read tables Random States MThese data types are all implemented according to the language specification. Numbers ¥Integers, floating-point and ratios are implemented. PowerLisp 1.1 includes complex numbers band bignums (large integers). Integers are stored in 32 bits, floating-point in 64 bits and ratios bconsist of two integers. Only one size of floating point number is provided. Large integers may be 'any size up to your memory limitations. Arrays DGeneralized arrays, bit vectors and character strings are supported. ZBit vectors and generalized arrays may be multi-dimensional, up to 7 dimensions. Character 1strings may only be single-dimensioned (vectors). ]Arrays of specific types (packed arrays of integers, for example) are not supported, but this 6should largely be transparent to Common Lisp programs. Streams 0Streams are implemented, with a few limitations. Pathnames UPathnames are just text strings currently system independent path name object is `supported. Pathname strings can represent full path names, or partial path names relative to the ]default directory. They must be in Macintosh format, which uses colons rather than slashes to separate directory names. Examples of paths: Monaco ""VolumeName:My Directory:My File" ; full path Z "My File" ; in current directory ":My Subdirectory:My File" ; in subdirectory of current "::MyFile" $; in parent directory (one level up) Random States ZThe random number package is fully implemented using the CMU library. This results in much Wbetter randomness than the previous implementation. The random states are now readable. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Structures JStructures are implemented according to the language standard. Some of the ]options are not supported yet, however. List-based structures are not supported. In PowerLisp 61.1 code which uses structures will compile correctly. Objects RCLOS is now included with PowerLisp. See the section on CLOS for more information. Scope and Extent 3PowerLisp adheres to the Common Lisp specification. Type Specifiers XThe Common Lisp type system conforms to CLTL2. No optimizations are currently done based on type declarations. Program Structure aThis area of the language is more or less complete. This includes functions, both interpreted and bcompiled, special forms, macros (interpreted and compiled), special variables, constants, etc. All 'special forms are correctly recognized. All defining constructs ( Monaco defun defmacro defstruct defconstant , etc.) allow the Zdinclusion of a documentation string. This string gets stored on the property list of the symbol, and -can be accessed as specified by the language. [Compiled and interpreted functions can be freely intermixed in the call stack, and compiled Xfunctions are incrementally linked into the system as soon as they are compiled or read. Predicates Implemented. Control Structure SMost of this chapter is implemented, with a few exceptions. Compiler macros and the compiler-let )TA form are not implemented. Some of the features which are new in CLTL2 are not implemented. Declarations Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Z]Declarations are mostly allowed but ignored by PowerLisp. In future versions of the compiler, ¥faster code generation should be possible by paying attention to declarations. Violations of declarations are also ignored. In PowerLisp 1.1 and later, Monaco special declarations + significant, and are correctly interpreted and compiled. Symbols Implemented. Packages Implemented. In PowerLisp 1.1 and later, defpackage )F/ and the remaining package functions and macros ZWhave been included. There may still be some problems with the way shadowing symbols are ahandled, and user interaction with the shadowing facility is not supported (load time querying to resolve ambiguities). Numbers ¥PowerLisp includes most of the numeric functionality specified in CLTL2. Some math functions Nwill give an error when they encounter a large integer or complex number. The are now Z"implemented in PowerLisp 2.0. The boole function is not implemented. Characters All chars are standard-chars. *- Sequences bThese functions are pretty complete. All sequence operations can be applied to lists, vectors, bit vectors and character strings. Lists Implemented. Hash Tables CImplemented. Hash Tables are used internally by the package system. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Arrays SPartially implemented. Arrays can be up to seven dimensions. Some key arguments to Monaco array )#O are not implemented. PowerLisp 2.0 has much improved array functionality over Z+previous versions, and most array features. Strings JMostly implemented. A few of these functions need to be implemented still. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Structures [Structures can be defined and are correctly added to the type system. Some key arguments to Monaco defstruct )?Q and some slot options are not implemented yet. PowerLisp 2.0 handles structures ZXmuch better, more efficiently and implements more of the standard functionality than did previous versions. The Evaluator NThis is the Common Lisp interpreter. Top level run-time loop features such as and now implemented. Streams cPartially implemented. This area is still a little weak and is a high priority for improvement. The amost important features are there, however. PowerLisp 1.2 adds support for specification of read, Bwrite or read/write access when file streams are created with the function. Input/Output ^The Lisp reader is implemented as specified, which is not easy in an event-driven environment! [Read macros can be defined, and are used internally for many things (check out the standard "library and compiler source code). Options to the format )*B function are partially implemented. This needs some work still. A ZKnumber of other features described in this chapter are not yet implemented. BPowerLisp 2.0 supports more format options than previous versions. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide File System Interface aAs mentioned above, pathnames are just character strings currently. I intend to change this soon, &so that a pathname object contains an Monaco FSSpec )*0 internally but can still be specified by a path ZCstring. Using strings for pathnames is compatible with Common Lisp. 0Some Macintosh-specific functions are available: set-file-creator my-open-file "ROSA") set-file-type my-open-file "EPSF") ZaThese functions can be used to set the type and creator of any open file. An error is signaled if :you try to call these functions on other types of streams. /File wildcard specifiers are not yet supported. Errors 7Errors are implemented as exceptions (as thrown by the throw )#" special form). They are typically Z]caught at the top level. Continuable errors are not yet implemented (for want of a debugger). _In general, all Lisp functions, both compiled and interpreted, signal errors whenever the wrong .number or type of arguments is passed to them. Miscellaneous Features Compiler .The compiler is covered in a separate section. Documentation 0The documentation facility is fully implemented. Debugging tools ZWhile compiled and interpreted functions peacefully coexist at run-time, their behavior as -regards debugging is significant. The macros trace and untrace are implemented for ZTinterpreted, but not compiled code. That is, you can compile a function which calls trace , but Z<only the interpreted function calls will actually be traced. S function is not implemented. There is no real interactive debugger. This should be improved in a future release. M macro is implemented, and uses the Mac s Time Manager to produce microsecond ZVtimings accurate to about 20 microseconds. This is very useful for performance tuning. describe )8Q function is only partially implemented (symbols are well supported). I intend to improve it. inspect )1! function is not implemented yet. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Monaco S function can be used to determine how much memory is available. See below for more Z1information about memory usage. Another function ' invokes the garbage collector. Usually Z"you should call it before calling Helvetica to get an accurate result. + function is implemented for editing files: filename) Z-causes the PowerEdit editor to open the file filename )0, for editing. This is identical to using the Open command from the editor. The functions dribble and apropos are not implemented. Environmental Inquiries These are not yet implemented. _The complete Loop facility is provided courtesy of the publicly available source code from MIT. ]This has been tested and run both in interpreted and compiled mode and seems to work fine. It (has not been tested thoroughly, however. ULoop macros tend to expand into huge Common Lisp expressions, which execute slowly in ainterpreted mode but compile into pretty tight, fast code. It is like a language unto itself, and rather interesting. 'The first time the system encounters a 3 macro, it loads the loop package. This takes a few seconds. Subsequent uses of ! will not demonstrate this delay. Pretty Printing ^A simple pretty printing function is now included with PowerLisp. The fully cusomizable pretty #printing functionality proposed in CLTL2 is not implemented. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide ]This had been added in PowerLisp 2.0. It is based on the Closette implementation in the book Art of the Metaobject Protocol ?by Gregor Kiczales, Jim des Rivi res, and Daniel G. Bobrow. The Z7source to this implementation is included (in the file Monaco clos.lisp in the library folder). This ZSimplementation of CLOS is a subset of the full CLOS specification (as described in CLTL2 ). The ZNfollowing limitations apply (according to Chapter 1, section 1.1 of the book): 6All the essential features of full CLOS are included: classes , which inherit ~1structure and behavior from one or more classes, instances of classes, which are ~&created, initialized and manipulated; generic functions , whose behavior depends ~6on the classes of the arguments supplied to them; and methods which define the ~Sclass-specific behavior and operations of generic functions. The major restrictions "of the simplified dialect include: No class redefinition. )e9Full CLOS allows the definition of a class to be changed; ~Pthe changes are propagated to its subclasses and to extant instances. The subset 'does not allow classes to be redefined. No method redefinition. )r2Full CLOS allows methods to be redefined, with the ~Jnew definition completely replacing the old one. The subset does not allow methods to be redefined. $No forward-referenced superclasses. )Full CLOS allows classes to be references ~Pbefore they are defined. One class can be defined in terms of another before the Jsecond has been defined. These forward references are not permitted in the subset. &Explicit generic function definitions. % Full CLOS allows the definition of a ~Pgeneric function to be inferred from the method definitions. The subset requires 8that a generic function be explicitly introduced with a defgeneric form before any methods are defined on it. "Standard method combination only. 'Full CLOS provides a powerful mechanism ~Nfor user control of method combination. The subset defines only simple "demon" 2combination (primary, before- and after- methods). specializers. );7 Full CLOS allows methods to be specialized not only to ~Sclasses, but also to individual objects. The subset restricts method specialization to classes. !No slots with :class allocation. *Full CLOS supports slots allocated in each ~Ninstance of a class, and slots which are shared across all of them. The subset defines only per-instance slots. (Types and classes not fully integrated. #Full CLOS closely integrates Common ~LLisp types and CLOS classes. It is possible to define methods specialized to primitive classes (e.g. symbol )$&) and structure classes (defined with defstruct ~JThe subset defines classes for the primitive Common Lisp types but not for structure classes. Minimal syntactic sugar. )s4A number of convenience macros and special forms are ~*not included in the subset. These include with-slots, generic function, ~ generic-flet and generic-labels. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide ZEThe book is highly recommend if you want to work with CLOS. The file Monaco clos-tests.lisp, Z^included with PowerLisp 2.0 in the examples folder, contains most of the code samples from the .book, and is useful for seeing how CLOS works. Conditions Not implemented ( CLTL2 feature). Series Not implemented ( CLTL2 feature). Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Non-standard Extensions *:¥Here are some non-standard functions and variables which are included in PowerLisp and which you may find useful. Monaco *top-level* variable ZDThis should normally be bound to the top-level read-eval-print loop. address object function ZEReturns the machine address of the lisp object that is its argument. exec-address compiled-function [function] Z^Returns the machine execution address of a compiled function. If a symbol which has a compiled ZZfunction associated with it is passed, that symbol s jump table address (maintained by the bincremental linker) is returned. Note that this is different from the address of the function, but ]normally just represents a jump instruction to the other address. This function is useful for Fdebugging compiled code (in combination with a debugger like MacsBug). function-definition function [function] Z¥Returns the lambda expression of an interpreted function. This function is superseded by the ANSI Common Lisp function function-lambda-expression , which is implemented in Z_PowerLisp 1.1 and later, and returns the lambda expression as the first of three return values. [function] ZdExplicitly invokes the garbage collector. This is more or less a standard language extension, but is 8not required by the standard. Use it before calling the function for a more accurate estimate of space remaining. package-hash-table package function ZLReturns the hash table used by the passed package. This is sometimes useful. print-function interpreted-function function Prints the passed function. function function Z^Exits interpreter. You probably never want to call these. Just exit the program instead (using menu Quit command). hash-table-misses hash-table function Z`Provides statistics on hash-table effectiveness. Returns the number of times a hash-table lookup attempt has missed (failed). hash-table-hits hash-table function Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Z`Provides statistics on hash-table effectiveness. Returns the number of times a hash-table lookup attempt has (succeeded). Monaco set-file-type file-stream type-string function ZiSets the Finder type for the open file. Signals an error if a stream which is not a file is passed to it. Example: (setq f (open "myfile")) set-file-type )[+ f "EPSF") ; sets the file's type to 'EPSF' set-file-creator file-stream creator-string function ZhSets the Finder creator for the open file. Signals an error if a stream which is not a file is passed to Example: (setq f (open "myfile")) set-file-creator f "ROSA") )b"; set the file's creator to 'ROSA' dump-lisp-stack function ZbThis function prints a trace of the evaluator stack. It will only include information on evaluated (function calls (not compiled functions). %stack-trace function Z^This function returns a list of information on each processor stack frame. This is useful when `debugging compiled functions. Evaluated function calls will show up as calls to the interpreter. *stack-trace* variable ZeAfter any error, this global variable is automatically left bound to a list of stack frames that were `in effect at the time of the error (as obtained with %stack-trace). This is very useful. Use the expression: (error-stack) &after an error to see the stack trace. error-stack function ZaThis function may be used to print a dump of the processor stack state at the time the last error Rwas encountered. This function can be used instead of the expression listed above. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide New Features New Features in PowerLisp 2.0 ¥The biggest new feature in PowerLisp 2.0 is the addition of CLOS support. See the section on CLOS for details. ]A Preferences dialog has been added. It lets you control how much time is given to background _processes while Lisp programs are running. It also lets you choose between having output all go Tto the Worksheet vs. output will go to the window that last executed a Lisp command. ^A registration screen has been added at startup. If you have registered, you can disable it by Zentering your name and product registration code in the Registration dialog. Contact Roger ;Corman to receive your code if you have already registered. dIn PowerLisp 2.0, structures, arrays and strings are all stored more efficiently. Arrays and strings Hare more consistent and more closely adhere to the Common Lisp standard. ^The Common Lisp variables +, ++, *, **, etc. are now properly bound during top loop execution )as specified in the Common Lisp standard. TA number of other Common Lisp functions which were missing are now implemented (I am Wsorry to not be more specific here). Overall, PowerLisp 2.0 is much closer to the CLTL2 5specification than any previous version of PowerLisp. [A serious bug which prevented PPC compiled code from working on certain Power Macs (related Xto the memory setup) has now been fixed. This generally caused a crash during startup on ^affected machines. The fix was released last summer as PowerLisp 1.2.1d. These changes are now included in PowerLisp 2.0. New Features in PowerLisp 1.2 QThe most important new feature of PowerLisp 1.2 is native Power Mac execution and ^compilation. For 68k users, the new tagged pointer architecture allows much better handling of Rintegers, which reduces memory requirements and improves speed. Future versions of ;PowerLisp should gain even more from this new architecture. [A number of bugs have been fixed, and new functions implemented. The most important bug fix [has to do with floating point number comparisons, which now work correctly. My apologies to ^those of you who scratched your heads over this one. It was actually a one character typo in a /routine called by all the comparison operators. Monaco Y function pays attention for whether files are read-only, write-only, etc. This mat cause Zasome of your code to break if it relied on PowerLisp 1.1's default to read/write permission. Read Z9only is not the default, as per the Common Lisp standard. DPrinting of symbols and strings now correctly pays attention to the *print-escape* Z variable. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide ZVThe documentation function is enhanced for version 1.2. Asking for documentation for a ZCommon Lisp symbol now automatically brings up the appropriate text from Guy Steele's book ^Common Lisp the Language (thanks to Digital Press for allowing electronic distribution). Also, Othis book as well as PowerLisp documentation can be browsed from a hierarchical Documentation menu. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Troubleshooting PowerLisp Startup Process aWhen PowerLisp launches, it first boots the kernel, which sets up all the internal heaps and data astructures, including initializing symbols in the symbol tables, and loading necessary code. Once -the kernel is successfully started, the file Monaco stdlib.lisp )B' is searched for in the Library folder, Z^which is expected to be a subfolder of the folder the application was launched from. This file ]normally contains code which will allow compiled lisp files to be loaded (the kernel does not Dhave this feature built in), and then proceeds to load all the file cl.lisp . This file loads a Z^number of other startup files as well. Compiled versions of these files are searched for first .fasl ppcl Oextension) but if these are not found the loader will attempt to load copies of these files with a .lisp extension. Any files with a .lisp )$"extension will run interpretively, Z7and therefore somewhat slower, than the compiled files. dIf anything goes wrong during the startup process, the system will not be left in a stable state. It cmay appear to perform correctly, but will likely crash on the first evaluation error (the evaluator cerror handler gets set up relatively late in the boot process). Generally you will get some type of Eerror message in the Worksheet if anything went wrong during startup. `A typical problem is that not enough memory is available to load all the modules that need to be 'loaded. If you get a message that says Can't copy compiled function this actually ZHmeans you are low on memory. Other low memory messages are less cryptic. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Z$What To Do If PowerLisp Will Not Run ]Some users have reported that PowerLisp freezes during startup, giving them no error message. [There was a known bug in PowerLisp 1.2, fixed in 2.0, which cause a crash during startup on YMacs with virtual memory turned on (including RamDoubler) or Macs with >32 megs of RAM. A adevelopment fix (PowerLisp 1.2.1d) was released to fix this problem, but some users still seem to Shave problems. If you have problems running PowerLisp, here are some things to try. )Increase the amount of memory available. %The minimum that is specified in the Monaco U box may not be enough to start up on every Macintosh configuration. Increase this by lTone or two megabytes and try again. If you are then able to start PowerLisp, you can Uexperiment with the value to get the right minimum for your system. If you are low on Smemory, try using RamDoubler (from Connectix) or Macintosh Virtual Memory (from the YMemory Control Panel). It is not recommended that you run PowerLisp in a partition larger Wthan the physical RAM in your system. If you try this, performance will probably not be good! Remove the compiled libraries. 7 If increasing memory doesn't help, you can try running l.interpretively. You do this by moving all the .fasl (on 68k) or .ppcl (on Power Mac) files lUfrom the library folder. Put them in a different folder for safekeeping. Then restart ZPowerLisp. Normally this will allow PowerLisp to run, although performance will be slower. Run emulated on Power Mac. ;Another option, for Power Mac users, is to run PowerLisp in l[68k emulated mode. You can do this by using ResEdit to edit a copy of PowerLisp 2.0. Do not Qmodify your original. In ResEdit, open the PowerLisp 2.0 application. Delete the 'cfrg' lZresource. Save the application, and restart it. This will cause PowerLisp to run emulated, using the compiled .fasl )$568k libraries. Performance may be better than running interpreted (above). )ZAIf you try this, please do not redistribute this modified copy of PowerLisp. Disable extensions. )[GIf none of the above works, try rebooting your Macintosh with the shift lUkey held down. This will disable extensions. See if this allows you to run PowerLisp. Z^If none of the above works, please put together a mail message containing whatever information Xabout your system you can, as well as the version of PowerLisp you are using, and send a message to PowerLisp@aol.com )f<. We cannot guarantee we will be able to help non-registered Z¥users, but if at all possible we will try to contact you with some advice. In any case, your Imessages will help us track down problems and fix them in later releases. Palatino PowerLisp User Guide Notes *%^I would like to thank my wife, Frances, for her assistance with this documentation and for her patience and encouragement. 7I would also like to thank Guy Steele Jr., whose books Common Lisp: The Language, ZYeditions, are a constant source of assistance and amusement (in the most positive sense). `PowerLisp 2.0 also includes the optimized backquote facility from the second edition, as well as #some other functions from the book. SJim Bisso has been a valuable resource to me and helped with PowerLisp development. Peter Norvig's text )UHParadigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp Ntaught me a lot about the language and his many sample programs were useful in ZWdebugging the interpreter and compiler. I highly recommend it to anyone learning Common Lisp. [Acknowledgments to MIT for their Loop facility source code, which I have included with this package. XAcknowledgments to CMU for their Random facility source code, which I have included with this package. _Acknowledgments to Gregor Kiczales, Jim des Rivi res, and Daniel G. Bobrow, for their excellent book "The Art of the Metaobject Protocol 4The source code from this book is the basis for the PowerLisp 2.0 CLOS capability. ^Thanks to Ken Long for his improved color icons, which are included in the released version of PowerLisp 1.2. YThanks to MetroWerks, for building the best C++ programming environment I have ever used: QCodeWarrior. The PowerLisp environment and kernel are compiled using CodeWarrior. :JK634U< )# AQ 75I8M'9H p 0p`P '#)$75 !(1+* @@H8H xTPP` xP(H`X '01-&2( ( @$$ temp.0001 Roger Corman Roger Corman Microsoft Word +OFST ;{{{{ <ssssss Gcccc Hcccc Icccccc Jcccc11 Kcc11 Lcc11cc Mcc1111 Ncc11 ORRRRRR QBBBBBB _11cc `11cc a11cccc b11cc11 c1111 d1111cc e111111 f1111 i!!!!!! Chicago Monaco Palatino Helvetica jPREC vPRVS